Scienctific tools

Scientific Cutting Tools is releasing brand-new autoclave port tools. The tools are the newest addition to the port tool line and conform to the Parker medium-pressure autoclave standard. Phone: Fax: Facebook Youtube. Read More. Welcome to Scientific Cutting Tools! Where To Buy. Give It A Try! Scientific Cutting Tools Catalog! Request A Catalog. The name is conceived from the common industry standard for the… Read More.

Sure, we have been using advanced technology and Class A diamond-polished molds to manufacture these products since , and our new packaging designs are ingenious. But, it's our state-of-the-art, fully-automated molding plant that allows us to remain on the cutting edge. Thus you get more for your money. Put simply, in biotech research lab disposables, its your best value!

Astronomical Instruments:. The elegant rings and bands of an armillary sphere below symbolize the astronomy of the past. The armillary sphere takes its name from the Latin armilla , meaning a bracelet or metal ring. With the Earth located at the center, the rings trace out what an observer sees in the night sky without a telescope.

The outer band, that supports the device, shows the observers horizon and the meridian. Inside these bands is a cagelike assembly of rings that rotate to display the durinal motion of the stars.

The zodiac is represented by a broad band marked with the 12 signs. Locating stars and measuring their positions precisely is no simple task. One of the earliest astronomical instruments is the quadrant, shown below, which measures a stars altitude above the horizon.

A quadrant acquires its name by its ability to measure within a quarter circle. Using spherical trigonometry, the zenith distance could then be used to calculate a stars celestial longitude and latitude. Quadrants made of metal allowed finer intervals to be ruled for more precise measurements. The astrolabe was a sophisticated time-telling instrument of late antiquity.

It was an all-in-one tool for calculating the position of the Sun thus, local time and various stars. The typical astrolabe has a rotating cutaway disk, called the rete, that represents the heavens as they revolve around us. Labeled points represent stars, the solid band is the zodiac. A plate, or tympan, is fixed beneath the rete and is inscribed with altitude and azimuth coordinates for the particular latitude where the astrolabe is used. Since the astrolabe displays the coordinates of various bright stars, it can also be used to determine the time at night when the Sun is not visible.

Astrolabes were of particular interest to the ancient Muslim culture since it provided the direction to Mecca for daily prayers. The mechanized planetarium, one of the most popular scientific tools of the 's, displayed the motion of the planets around the Sun.

The operation of the device's carefully crafted mechanisms inspired awe and wonder at the sense of the Universe's divinely imposed stable order. Astronomical knowledge was a mark of education and social status and the ownership of a planetaria gave material evidence of such status. The planetaria below was constructed for King George II. Constellations organize the stars into more easily identifiable groups, thus easier to remember. The exact origin of the constellations is lost, but 48 had been established by ancient Greek times which are called the Ptolemaic constellations after Ptolemy's star catalog in the Almagest.

Constellations are often drawn in the shapes of mythical heros and creatures tracing a pattern of stars on the celestial sphere, recorded on a star map. The illustrators of star catalogs depicted the constellations without reference to the night sky, as a result their images do not resemble the actual patterns or brightnesses of the stars.

For many of the constellations it is easy to see where they got their names. In ancient China, astronomers held high social position with close connections to the imperial court. Many of the same astronomical instruments used in Europe were also used by Chinese astronomers as shown in the pictograph below. Astronomical knowledge passed from India to China in return magnetized compass needles were sent to Europe so that Western navigators could sail the open seas.

Chinese astronomers emphasized the close relationship between heaven and Earth. They believed that events in heaven reflected those on the Earth. For example, new occurrences, such as a novae, signaled important changes on Earth. In all, there are 88 constellation names cataloged by Hipparchus in B. To find out more about your favorite constellation, goto Constellation of the Month.

The development of larger telescopes, like Herschel's first telescope shown below, allowed the discovery of many stars invisible to the naked eye. Stars now filled the areas of the sky that previously seemed empty. By the start of the 19th century, pictorial celestial atlases became impractical, even though astronomers continued to make up new constellations.

Star charts evolved into those that featured the stars as austere points sometimes with boundary lines dividing the sky into regions defined by their old constellation names. Star charts for the general public continued to feature the faint outlines of the earlier star charts, but later took on more geometric shapes. One of the jobs for astronomers in the 17th and 18th centuries was to educate the public on unusual astronomical events, such as comets and eclipses.

Typically this was done using printed information sheets called broadsides. The broadside below explains the science behind a total eclipse of the Sun. Star Names : Hipparchus also developed a simply method of identifying the stars in the sky by using a letter from the Greek alphabet combined with the constellation name.

So, for example, the brightest star in the constellation Orion is Alpha Orion, the second brightest star is Beta Orion, and so on.

As more and more stars were cataloged, this system was insufficient. By the 's, a system was devised to assign letters to each star in a constellation, roughly by descending brightness, beginning first with the Greek alphabet and then, when those letters were exhausted, continuing with the Roman alphabet.

When the letters run out, we use a number 33 Orion, Orion, etc. Some of the very brightest stars have their own names due to their importance to early navigators. About stars are visible with the naked eye on a dark, moonless night. However, there are over 10 13 stars in the whole Milky Way galaxy were the solar system resides. Thus, we only see a very small fraction of the closest and brightest stars with our eyes.

This circle is called the ecliptic and passes through 12 of the 88 constellations that we call the zodiac. Observatories : The first need for astronomical observatories was time and calendar keeping.

Ancient civilizations referenced astronomical events to mark the reigns of various kings. Civil calendars were derived from the lunar calendar sometime in the 3rd millennium B. The Egyptians constructed the pyramids for tracking Sirius, the Dog Star, in the sky. When Sirius became visible above the horizon, then it was known that the Nile was going to flood, an important time to plant crops.

In Mesopotamia ziggurats were constructed of mud brick to observe the position of the Moon and planets, again to mark the passage of time. However, no astronomical instruments appears to be used other than the buildings themselves. The first extensive system of astronomical tools was Stonehenge.

The job of early observatories was to map the sky, so the earliest astronomical instrument was the quadrant or sextant. Using these instruments, Hipparchus at Rhodes B. Islamic observatories at Damascus and Baghdad tested our first solar system models. The first modern observatory was constructed in Denmark by Tycho Brahe in With the invention of optics , observatories added telescopes to their collection of instruments.

Telescopes serve to 1 magnify nearby planets, to study surface features, 2 collect light to detect faint stars and 3 transfer light to recording instruments, such as a photographic plate to take a picture, or to a spectrograph to take a spectrum. Due to effects of the atmosphere, telescopes are typically located on mountain tops because they are dry sites few clouds , high above the thick currents of air so the images are clear and steady and to allow more UV ultraviolet and IR infrared photons which are blocked by lower atmosphere.

Our national telescopes are located at Kitt Peak in Arizona for the northern hemisphere and Chile for the southern hemisphere you can't see southern constellations from the northern hemisphere, nor northern ones from the southern hemisphere.